Today - July 2nd 2025 - The Salvation Army marks it's 160th anniversary!
The Christian church and charity 'movement' or organisation hasn't been called 'The Salvation Army' for that number of years. That name was adopted in 1878, but the story goes back to July 2nd 1865!
It was on that day that The Rev.William Booth, a Methodist itinerant preacher and evangelist, preached at a meeting in an old tent on the Mile End Waste in East London, and it's that event that today's Salvation Army marks as its beginnings!
Although William and his wife Catherine were part of the Methodist church at that time, they were quite individual and forward thinking and when they eventually arrived in London after years of travelling independently around the British Isles sharing the good news of Jesus Christ in different locations, they began to understand what God had in store for them.
Both had always had a heart for those who were disadvantaged, and in 1865, the couple began working with a group of Christian businessmen and others who were becoming increasingly concerned about the plight of the poor and disadvantaged in the community. If you're ever read 'Oliver Twist' or 'A Christmas Carol' and other works by the brilliant English author Charles Dickens, you'll recognise the kind of poverty which many people in mid-Victorian Britain were enduring and which William and Catherine found themselves surrounded by when they arrived in London.
In June 1865 William became involved in a Christian mission in the East End of London and he preached to crowds outside the Blind Beggar pub on Whitechapel Road. You can read more about that later in this article in the abstract from my book.
A couple of days later he preached in that battered old tent nearby on the Mile End Waste, to a crowd largely poor and dishevelled listeners, and a new organisation, 'The East London Christian Revival Society', which would later be renamed 'The East London Christian Mission', was born.
This picture and the other historic ones here are from The Salvation Army archives at the International Heritage Centre in London and this one depicts that moment in history in that tent!
The movement flourished, with a focus on teaching people about Jesus in a way they could relate to ... not in churches primarily, but in places like bowling alleys, dance halls and outdoors. But it also had another focus, to help those who needed help including food programmes and other assistance for those living in dire poverty.
Despite opposition - many people didn't like the Booths' approach and many with vested interests particularly didn't like the fact that they encouraged people not to drink alcohol which they perceived to be at the heart of many of problems and poverty of their time - the new organisation proved popular and many people became Christians and joined the ranks. People who had been rejected by the traditional churches because of their low status and economic disadvantage and impoverishment, found a home with the Booths and their quickly growing Christian 'movement' ... not a church but a /movement' of individuals determined to change the world for God.
As it spread beyond the London area, The East London Christian Mission became 'The Christian Mission' and then, in 1878 it was renamed again as The Salvation Army, adopting much of the military-style uniforms and titles for which it became known ... as an example, ministers are 'officers' and the churches are known as 'corps' and William Booth was the General, which is still the title held by today's international leader ... which outwardly proclaimed showed their public commitment to God and their determination to 'fight' for good.
The change of name led to rapid expansion and The Salvation Army quickly became known or standing for social justice, fighting against the injustices of society as well as bringing people to understand God, going to people where they were and reaching out to 'the whosoever'.
Although over it 160 year history some things have inevitably changed within The Salvation Army, the organisation remains true to it's roots, and continues to strive to be relevant to people and their situations and to fight for and stand up for those who cannot speak loudly for themselves. And to bring Christ to the 'whosoever'.
In 2025, The Salvation Army is in 135 countries across the world, holding not just weekly worship services, outdoor events, clubs and activities for people of all ages, but also running food programmes, community support, and residential accommodation for people who are homeless, and responding to disasters and providing practical support to those in need of help.
In 2013 I wrote my first book, which was the story of how William and Catherine Booth met, loved, served God together and formed The Salvation Army. Based on letters which they wrote to each other throughout their relationship, from the moment they first met in 1852, through a long engagement and then marriage, during which they were often apart ... William was often out preaching and teaching and Catherine herself had her own ministry which took her away from her husband.
'William and Catherine - the love story of the founders of The Salvation Army told through their letters', (which was originally published by Lion Monarch Books, now SPCK) is still available to buy including online in most of the usual places.
The book mixes historic narrative and explanation with extracts from William and Catherine's letters, which are held in the British Library, and some very short stories which I wrote based on different historic facts and some of the words and feelings the couple expressed in their own words, in their letters. Today we call such stories 'immersive history' and I loved doing those.
Of course, I'd love you to buy the book, if you haven't already. Thanks to those who have, by the way... I get so many great comments about the book still.
But here, just for you, is an extract from the book ... that moment in June 1865 when William Booth preached outside the Blind Beggar, based on how I think that might have gone down with those drinking in the pub. It's from Chapter 13 and the little story is followed by a narrative explaining those very early years of the Christian movement that would become 'The Salvation Army'.
Hope you enjoy it...
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Outside on the street a tall man with a thick dark beard mounted an old box.
Oh, not this again!
Couldn’t a man enjoy a couple of ales without having that noise outside? If the pub wasn’t so handy for home, he’d find somewhere else to sup. But the Blind Beggar was perfect especially when he’d had a few too many – all he needed to do was to stagger round the corner to the old woman who’d be there, as always, waiting to put him to bed.
The drinker rubbed the dirty window pane to peer out.
‘George!’ he shouted to the aleman behind the bar, ‘can’t you get rid of ‘em?’
'It’s a free world Joe. So long as they don’t step over the door we can’t do nuffink about ‘em!’
‘Shut the door!’ someone yelled.
‘Don’t you dare! It’s bloody boilin’ in here!’ shouted Barman George.
He was right of course. Even this late in the day, it was still warm. Well it was mid-summer after all, and the inn reeked with body sweat, stale beer and the smell of the open sewer in the road outside.
Joe looked out the window again. He’d lost count of the times now when his drinking had been interrupted by these religious fanatics. There seemed to be an endless stream of them, all spouting about God and how he needed ‘saving’.
Saving from what, that’s what he wanted to know? Who could save him from the misery of gruelling hard work and grinding poverty?
Maybe another pint might help. He searched his torn pocket. Just a penny left. Enough for one more, but then he’d go home empty handed again and he’d have it in the neck from the old woman. He’d done that many a time before, even though it meant the kids went to bed with empty bellies. But a man had to have his fun, didn’t he? What with spending all day at the docks, hauling all those sacks of whatever it was they were loading the ships with. Maybe he’d just spend the ha’penny.
‘Another half George!’ Joe approached the bar, which had thinned out a bit. A few of his mates had ambled outside and seemed to be listening to the tall man. A few were heckling from the door, but a couple had moved forward.
Just to get a bit of air, Joe took his half across the threshold into the street and stood there under the Blind Beggar sign.
‘Not seen this one afore Will!’ he said to the man next to him.
‘No – new I think! Looks a bit fresh doesn’t he?’
Not just fresh, but not posh either, Joe noted. He wasn’t dressed particularly sharply, his frock coat looked a little worse for wear. In fact, he appeared more frayed around the edges that the other missioners who usually turned up outside the pub. This one’s thick black hair was all over the place as he waved his arms around. He was sweating profusely and occasionally mopped his brow with a grey looking kerchief. And what was that accent? He wasn’t London, that was for sure.
Joe was intrigued. He found himself listening to this one like he hadn’t listened before. He was, of course, a religious nut, but he seemed to be a bit more normal than the rest.
‘What’s ‘is name Will?
‘That’s right!’ came the reply, followed by a hearty laugh.
‘Don’t muck me about mate! What’s ‘is bloody name?’
‘You said it! ‘is name is Will! William Booth!’
Although William had rather reluctantly joined Catherine in London and at first merely expected to use it as his base for his continued work in the rest of the country, as he walked about the poverty stricken eastern reaches of the city, he had quickly recognised the desperate spiritual needs of those around him.
Although the term ‘East End’ would not be coined for a few decades more, this part of London was already notorious as desperately poor, overcrowded, crime-ridden and disease stricken – cholera, typhus, typhoid and influenza were virtually endemic. In the 19th century London was fast becoming the first ‘world city’, with a large population which was almost daily added to by immigrants, most of whom arrived poor and even destitute. It was a city of contrasts, with all the trappings of the beginnings of a ‘modern’ society sitting alongside almost medieval poverty. Transport systems were developing to bring people in from the suburbs to the city for work and play – the first London Underground line, a section of the Metropolitan line from Paddington to Farringdon stations was already two years old by the time the Booths were setting up home in the city.
Shipbuilding around the ever expanding docks along the River Thames brought goods and people from around the world. There were sugar refineries, iron foundries, tanneries, glass works, dye shops and other industries which required hoards of unskilled workers – dockers, builders, chimney sweeps, rag collectors, garment workers – most of whom worked for subsistence wages, on daily contracts with no job security. These ‘labouring poor’ sat at the bottom of the social heap, and just above there was an elite group of well-paid and privilege craftsmen and a fast growing ‘white collar’ or lower middle class, who sat just below the ‘higher middle class’ – among them the lawyers, doctors and churchmen of the day. The ‘upperclass’ were perched at the top of this divided society, often landed and titled gentry.
The eastern reaches of London, which were once a selection of small villages surrounded by fields east of the medieval walled City of London and north of the River Thames ,were by the mid-1800s a mass of streets with open sewers running through them. Millions of people were crammed into the east end, displaced by slum clearances around St Katharine Docks in the late 1820s and the building of the Central London railways stations which was on-going when William and Catherine arrived in the city in 1865.
Years later, when he was devising plans to not just help save souls but rehabilitate individuals and give them a practical as well as a spiritual future, William Booth’s Salvation Army would establish one of the first labour exchanges to help people find work. And the seeds of that programme were being planted in William’s heart in 1865 as he mixed with the hoards of displaced persons in the eastern reaches of London. As he walked through the streets he was captivated by the place, and the opportunities which it afforded his ministry. He bounded home to Hammersmith one night, burst through the door and announced to his wife ‘Darling! I have found my destiny!’
In the summer of 1865 outside the Blind Beggar Pub William Booth was doing what came naturally, preaching to the unconverted in their own environment.
Under a pub sign, risking ridicule and even some physical danger – it wasn’t unusual for street preachers to have things thrown at them by a heckling crowd – William was part of an evangelistic tradition which was growing rapidly in mid-19th century London. There were numerous chapels and small missions, many of them Methodist, across this part of London. By the 1850s in London there were around 144 charities many of which were already mixing religion with practical works and good deeds.
William’s street preaching impressed a group of churchmen and evangelists known as the East London Special Services Committee. Among them were Mr R.C Morgan and Mr Samuel Chase, the editors of The Revival, who despite their misgivings over the preaching antics of the Rev Booth’s wife, were still determined to have William join them for their next evangelistic campaign.
The Special Committee didn’t come from or belong to one single denomination and William Booth had already preached for them at the Garrick Theatre some years before. Now they wanted him for more radical work and on July 2 1865 – the date that is now noted in history as the ‘start’ of The Salvation Army – William Booth stood to preach for them in a tent on the Mile End Waste, on the old Quaker Burial Ground in Whitechapel, East London.
Although the old tent blew down that autumn, there was no stopping the Booth mission. The East London Christian Revival Society was born and in the winter of 1865 it moved indoors. On Sundays the meetings were held in a local building - the Assembly Rooms on New Road in Whitechapel, otherwise known as Professor Orson’s Dancing Academy, its main function in the week. Even on the Sabbath the evangelists had to share their meeting hall with a photographer and on weekdays the Booths and their expanding group of supporters rented other venues – an old chapel, a warehouse, a stable, a carpenter’s shop, a skittle alley. By 1867 the group had moved into more permanent ‘Sunday headquarters’ at the Effingham Theatre in Whitechapel Road.
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